Citation
Dunford, Elizabeth K. & Popkin, Barry M. (2018). 37 Year Snacking Trends for US Children 1977-2014. Pediatric Obesity, 13(4), 247-255. PMCID: PMC5685944Abstract
Background: Previous studies have indicated that snacking is contributing to increased calorie intake of American children, and that the energy density of snacks in US diets has increased in recent decades.Objective: Examine short and long-term trends in the energy density and food sources of snacks for US children over from 1977 to 2014, and examine whether trends differ between socio-demographic groups.
Methods: We used data collected from eight nationally representative surveys of food intake in 57,762 US children age 2-18 years, between 1977 and 2014. Overall patterns of snacking, trends in energy intake from snacking, trends in food and beverage sources and energy density of snacks across race-ethnic, age, gender, education and income groups were examined.
Results: In all socio-demographic groups there was a significant increase in per capita energy intake deriving from snacks from 1977 to 2014 (P<0.01). Salty snack intake doubled over the study period, and sugar-sweetened beverage intake decreased overall from 1977 to 2014 but increased in Non-Hispanic Blacks. Non-Hispanic Blacks had the largest increase in per capita intake from foods as a snack from 1977 to 2014. Children in the lowest poverty level and household education groups had more than 100% increase in calorie intake from snacks from 1977-2014.
Conclusions: We found that snacking behavior in the US differs between race-ethnic, household education, gender and income groups, yet snacking remains a significant component of children’s diets and the foods consumed at these snacks are not the types of foods recommended by the US dietary guidelines.
URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12220Reference Type
Journal ArticleYear Published
2018Journal Title
Pediatric ObesityAuthor(s)
Dunford, Elizabeth K.Popkin, Barry M.
PMCID
PMC5685944ORCiD
Popkin - 0000-0001-9495-9324Dunford - 0000-0003-4505-3256